These principles differ with respect to the kind of community in which extension. Agricultural extension is a service or system which assists farm people, through educational procedures, in improving farming methods and techniques. Agricultural extension is the application of scientific research and knowledge to agricultural practices through farmer education. To discuss history of agricultural extension in the world and ghana in particular 3. Agricultural extension workers are trained personnel who are responsible. Twothirds of indias population is still dependent on agriculture. Extension is an organisation to plan, execute and evaluate programmes with the people, and not for the people. The contents are provided free for noncommercial purpose such as teaching, training.
Sep 11, 2011 why is agricultural extension important for ghana. Pdf social principles for agricultural extension to assist in the. New landowners find themselves in basically new circumstances and. National agricultural extension center for advanced study. Extension also aims to increase the efficiency of the family farm, increase. With special reference to southeast asia by somsala jeerapandh b. Iwmi working paper 145 agricultural extension in central asia. Agriculture extension is not merely providing the information to the farming community. For example, bardsly 1982 cited by nwuzor 2009, viewed guttural extension as a service or system which assists farm people through educational procedures in improving farming methods and techniques, increasing production efficiency and income, bettering their levels of living and lifting.
Discuss the role of agriculture and agricultural education throughout. It has no executive function for the department, and acts instead as a place where extension partners can share information, ideas and resources, and develop ideas for collaboration and. Pdf social principles for agricultural extension to. We evaluate causal impacts of a largescale agricultural extension pro gram for smallholder women farmers on technology adoption and food security in. Sustainable agriculture extension manual part 1 technology development and extension participatory agricultural extension, 2 meetings to raise awareness, 2 institutional survey, 3 wealth ranking, 3 needsassessment survey, 4 learning about local practices, 5 planning, 5 participatory technology development, 5. It includes growing crops, fruits, vegetables, flowers and rearing of livestock.
It has been said that policy is the expression or operationalization of philosophy and policy creates history yet is influenced by history. The basic philosophy of agricultural extension was established in the more highly developed countries over the past century. What has been the impact of this new level of investment. Science is a systematized body of knowledge that traces the relationship between cause and effect. History of agricultural extension in the world and in africa. This chapter outlines the main extension methods which can be used and contains some guidance on how to choose appropriate methods for different target groups. Agriculture extension is the process of transferring the advance agriculture technology to farming community. The type of service, and the way in which it is provided, is given in two ways extension events planned in advance which form the annual extension plan. Certain basic principles underlie the conduct of agricultural extension work. Agriculture national council of educational research and. Agricultural extension is an important tool for rural development, especially in less industrialized counties extension workers play a vital role in educating farmers to produce better crops and more productive animals at lower cost. Different authors and scholars at different levels have viewed agricultural extension in various ways. Kalim qamar food and agriculture organization of the united nations rome, 2003. If the farmers are only getting education and are not applying it on the fields, then all the efforts will go in vain.
Social principles for agricultural extension to assist in the promotion of natural resource management article pdf available in australian journal of experimental agriculture 443. Favourable topography of soil and climate are vital for agricultural activity. Agricultural extension service has helped to reduce the conservation attitude of farmers. Existing strategies and future needs jusipbek kazbekov and asad sarwar qureshi international water management institute. The importance of agricultural extension lies on its implementation. Meaning and objectives of agricultural extension, role of extension workers, history and organization of extension services in nigeria, selected extension methods and techniques, the extension process, meaning of rural sociology, rural leadership pattern and. The discussion of the history of agricultural extension in nigeria is treated briefly in the precolonial and colonial periods as well as in the current or postcolonial epoch. Extension education in agricultural and rural development. Todays understanding of extension goes beyond technology transfer to facilitation, beyond training to learning, and includes helping farmers form groups, deal with marketing issues, and partner with a broad range of service providers and other agencies.
Pdf social principles for agricultural extension to assist. Agricultural extension officer agricultural extension o. Agricultural extension service has to be competent in agricultural skills, to communicate efficiently with producers and stimulate them to acquire new knowledge. Agricultural extension can thus be defined as the entire set of organizations that. The thana agricultural extension coordination committee taecc has been established to assist in implementing the new agricultural extension policy. Kasetsart university, thailand, 1956 a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of master of science in agriculture in the department of. Agricultural products may be marketed in the local market or may be exported. Extension, education and communication service research, extension and training division sustainable development department agricultural extension, rural development and the food security challenge by william mcleod rivera in collaboration with m.
Outline major trends or eras in american agriculture, describing the technological, economic, social, and political factors that contributed to the development of public schools. To introduce students to extension communication strategies to enable them. Also known as agriculture economic advisor, agricultural consultant, farm economic techniques advisor agricultural extension o. Consequently, achieving agricultural devel opment is a necessary condition for reducing food insecurity, but. N sunanda assistant professor department of agricultural economics acharya n g ranga agricultural university agricultural college, naira. Explain the history of agricultural extension in the world. Farmers who enjoy the service of extension workers and those.
Principles underlying the philosophy of extension 1. A reference manual for extension agents was compiled as one of the need based activities identified and agreed upon in the pdm of asap. Extension is an organisation set up to teach people and motivate them to action, not to dictate what people should do. Agricultural economics arose in the late 19th century, combined the theory of the firm with marketing and organization theory, and developed throughout the 20th century largely as an empirical branch of general economics. Recognizing the importance of agricultural extension in providing farmers with appropriate information as well as its potential contribution to increasing productivity and addressing rural poverty. Agricultural extension and its impact on food crop diversity and the livelihood of farmers in guduru, eastern wollega, ethiopia. These social principles should augment technical and economic principles relevant to sustainable agriculture. Agricultural extension activity is important agrarianpolitical instrument of the state which stimulates the development of agricultural production. Extension principles may be defined as guidelines for the conduct of extension work and these principles are the bedrock upon which extension services rest. Discuss the creation of the 1860, 1890, and 1994 land grants. To get the best value for money from a demonstration, other farmers should be encouraged to participate in the learning process. In the world, 50 per cent of persons are engaged in agricultural activity. Agricultural extension and development my development diary. After reading these icar ecourse, please give your feedback for improve of the ecourse contents on this website.
These principles guide the agricultural extension officer and service provider to work in an organized way to ensure smooth flow of agricultural extension service at the door step of farmers. Agricultural extension also known as agricultural advisory services plays a crucial role in boosting agricultural productivity, increasing food security, improving rural livelihoods, and promoting agriculture as an engine of propoor economic growth. Unit vi levels of measurement and sociometric techniques, scientific report writing. Feel free to use and share this content, but please do so under the conditions of our creative commons license and our rules for use. Reforming the agricultural extension system in india.
A concept of agricultural extension widely used in fao is one included in the fao publication agricultural extension. The available improved agriculture technology has the potential of raising the yields of agriculture products in the country at least twice or thrice. Evaluating the impact of agricultural extension programmes. Ag ri cu ltu ral extension in the developing countries a bibliography compiled by.
Pdf an understanding of social issues, the social nature of farming, and the social basis of adoption is needed if agricultural extension is to be. Information, urban farming, principles, agricultural extension. How we teach, regardless of the audience or the subject matter, must be based in the science of how people learn. These principles differ with respect to the kind of community in which extension education is carried on. While the focus is on creating a new cooperative, many of the ideas may be of interest to those thinking. The information on this website does not warrant or assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness or usefulness of the courseware contents. The convergence of these factors determines the future direction of agriculture and extension education. Burt t his publication is designed to help you learn more about agricultural cooperatives or to help you think through the process of organizing and operating such a business. In order to realize agricultural potential and to increase agricultural yields, indias extension system has experienced major conceptual, structural, and institutional changes since the late 1990s.
Principles of agricultural extension involve the factors that guide the activities of agricultural. The natural resources are soil, sunlight, air, water, temperature. Nov 23, 2011 the discussion of the history of agricultural extension in nigeria is treated briefly in the precolonial and colonial periods as well as in the current or postcolonial epoch. Agricultural extension and its impact on food crop. Reforming the agricultural extension system in india ifpri.
The agricultural extension methods and their applicability. Principles of agricultural extension arid agriculture. Stakeholders who provide extension services work to obtain information, skills, and technologies to improve producer livelihoods and strengthen linkages within the agricultural value chain. Generally, agricultural extension can be defined as the delivery of information inputs to farmers. Research has identified a series of principles of teaching and learning that help guide field agents and others in how they plan for and conduct educational programs. Conducting regular group extension events at the demonstration site. Agriculture pdf books as icar syllabus free download. The results of impact evaluations conducted in 10 ssa countries including kenya, somali, ivory coast, rwanda, burkina faso, uganda, zimbabwe, mozambique, ethiopia, and tanzania were collected from various websites for the analysis. By biratu, gizachew kebede a thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of master of science in management of natural resources and sustainable agriculture mnrsa. Breaking out of traditions a secondorder systems perspective edited by raymond l. In the absence of such published material and organized training programs on the subject, this. Furthermore, agriculture today is the most privatised branch of the national economy. To discuss basic philosophy, objectives and principles of agricultural extension.
A brief introduction to agricultural cooperatives l. Principles of agricultural extension applicable in hungary ifsa. Agricultural extension in the developing countries a bibliography a i a. To introduce students to extension communication strategies to enable them develop good communication and facilitation skills 6. The global perspective on extension is no longer that of a unified public sector service, but of a multiinstitutional network of. Agricultural extension is the term used to describe the process by which rural people are persuaded. Agricultural education of farmers extension personnel, characteristics of agents, selection and training means and methods of agricultural extension demonstrations and pilot farms pilot projects community development the package programme research and planning in agricultural extension organization of extension services. The new edition continues to present basic principles which can be applied. Guidelines on participatory agricultural extension.
Agricultural extension and its impact on food crop diversity. Evaluating the impact of agricultural extension programmes in. Aeco 141 principles of agricultural economics compiled by dr. The available improved agriculture technology has the potential of raising the yields of. Educated farmers are more successful in boosting agricultural productivity than illiterate farmers. Get a textbook of agricultural extension management pdf file for free from our online library pdf file. Agricultural extension and technology adoption for food. Job training, extension role of agricultural university, managecentre for management of agriculturel extension and extension education institutes. History and philosophy of agricultural and extension education. Some of the trends like the recognition of the importance of farmers itk, strengthening of. In agricultural extension, there are also certain principles on which the subject matter is based on. The global perspective on extension is no longer that of a unified public sector service, but of a multiinstitutional network of knowledge and information support for rural people. This led to a variety of rural services and institutions, including agricultural extension. Drawing heavily on the field experience of bank staff and outside specialists, the report underscores the importance of a comprehensive framework for accelerating technology development in east africa.
Swanson professor emeritus of rural development university of illinois at urbanachampaign research and extension division natural resources management and environment department and policy assistance and resources mobilization division technical cooperation. Agricultural extension service has led to increase or decrease in food production. Agricultural extension and technology adoption for food security. History describe the events surrounding the formation of land grant universities. Public agricultural extension services around the world are being forced to adapt to new funding constraints and a changing agricultural sector. Application of agricultural extension principles to. Guidelines on participatory agricultural extension methodology, may 2003 6 a trial area should be around 250m2 per household for irrigated paddy fields and up to m2 for rainfed or upland fields in one trial, 3 to 7 households are directly involved per village. Agricultural extension is defined as those who support people engaged in agricultural production through the facilitation of their efforts to progress and find solutions. Newly formed nations, the rural population of which formerly maintained a subsistence agriculture with limited industry, found it essential to establish a betterbalanced economy.
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